Salic Law Prohibiting Female Inheritance of Titles

As commonly used, Salic Law refers to a tradition in some royal families of Europe which prohibited females and descendants in the female line from inheriting land, titles, and offices.    The actual Salic Law, Lex Salica,  a pre-Roman Germanic code from the Salian Franks and instituted under Clovis, dealt with property inheritance, but not the passing of titles.   It did not explicitly refer to the monarchy in dealing with inheritance. Background In early medieval times, Germanic nations created legal codes, influenced by both Roman legal codes and Christian canon law.   The Salic law, originally passed down through oral tradition and less influenced by Roman and Christian tradition, was issued in the 6th century C.E. in written form in Latin by the Merovingian Frankish King Clovis I.   It was a comprehensive legal code, covering such major legal areas as inheritance, property rights, and penalties for offenses against property or persons. In the section on inheritance, women were excluded from being able to inherit land.   Nothing was mentioned about inheriting titles, nothing was mentioned about the monarchy.   Of Salic land no portion of the  inheritance shall come to a woman: but the whole inheritance of the land shall come to the male sex. (The Law of the Salian Franks) French legal scholars, inheriting the Frankish code, evolved the law over time, including translating it into Old High German and then French for easier use. England vs. France: Claims on the French Throne In the 14th century, this exclusion of women from being able to inherit land, combined with Roman law and customs and church law excluding women from priestly offices, began to be applied more consistently. When King Edward III of England claimed the French throne through the descent of his mother,  Isabella, this claim was rejected in France. The French King Charles IV died in 1328, Edward III was the only other grandson surviving of King Philip III of France.   Edwards mother Isabella was the sister of Charles IV; their father was Philip IV. But the French nobles, citing French tradition, passed over Edward III and instead crowned as king Philip VI of Valois, the eldest son of Philip IVs brother Charles, Count of Valois.    The English and the French had been at odds through much of history since William the Conqueror, Duke of the French territory of Normandy, seized the English throne, and claimed other territories including, through the marriage of Henry II, Aquitaine. Edward III used what he considered an unjust theft of his inheritance as an excuse to begin an outright military conflict with France, and thus began the Hundred Years War. First Explicit Assertion of Salic Law In 1399, Henry IV, a grandson of Edward III through his son, John of Gaunt, usurped the English throne from his cousin, Richard II, son of Edward IIIs eldest son, Edward, the Black Prince, who predeceased his father.   The enmity between France and England remained, and after France supported Welsh rebels, Henry began to assert his right to the French throne, also because of his ancestry through Isabella, mother of Edward III and queen consort of Edward II. A French document which argues against the English kings claim to France, written in 1410 to oppose Henry IVs claim, is the first explicit mention of Salic Law as being the reason for denying the title of king to pass through a woman.   In 1413, Jean de Montreuil, in his Treaty Against the English, added a new clause to the legal code to support the Valois claim to exclude Isabellas descendants. This allowed women to inherit personal property only, and excluded them from inheriting landed property, which would also exclude them from inheriting titles that brought land with them. The Hundred Years War between France and England did not end until 1443. Effects: Examples France and Spain, especially in the houses of Valois and Bourbon, followed the Salic Law.   When Louis XII died, his daughter Claude became Queen of France when he died without a surviving son, but only because her father had seen her married to his male heir,  Francis, Duke of Angoulà ªme. Salic law did not apply to some areas of France, including Brittany and Navarre. Anne of Brittany (1477 - 1514) inherited the duchy when her father left no sons.   (She was the Queen of France through two marriages, including her second to Louis XII; she was the mother of Louis daughter Claude, who, unlike her mother, could not inherit her fathers title and lands.) When Bourbon Spanish queen  Isabella II  succeeded to the throne, after the Salic Law was rescinded, the Carlists rebelled. When Victoria became Queen of England, succeeding her uncle George IV, she could not also succeed her uncle to become  ruler of Hanover, as English kings back to George I had been, because the house of Hanover followed the Salic Law.

Tao Qian, Also Known As Tao Yuan-Ming, Was A Chinese Poet

Tao Qian, also known as Tao Yuan-ming, was a Chinese poet of the Six Dynasties period. Tao was well versed in the classics of Confucianism and Daoism, which is evident in his poetry. However, he wasn’t known for the extent of his knowledge but for his distinctive voice as a poet of transition and reclusion. Throughout his life, he held and resigned several minor posts before his ultimate decision to renounce public life and â€Å"return to his gardens and fields† (Owen 1996, 312). As the founder of the poetry of â€Å"fields and gardens,† Tao’s writing revolves around nature as a philosophy and as a way of life that embodies the simplicity of living in recluse, away from the chaos of high society. He uses the philosophy of nature not only to retell†¦show more content†¦Many of Tao Qian’s poems illustrate a life of farming and drinking wine, encompassing themes that urge its audience to remove themselves from official life, move to the count ryside, and take up a cultivated life of drinking wine, writing poetry, and avoiding the complicated aspects of life such as working in high society. Earlier scholars believed that Tao was â€Å"neither Confucian nor this-worldly, neither egocentric nor defiant, neither gallant nor stubborn, Tao is contented, free from the unnatural, he has got all Nature can offer† (Lu 2017). It is evident in Tao Qian’s poetry that he utilized nature as a means to escape what reality had to offer, corruption and political instability, as opposed to his own idea of utopia or a simple, easy life in recluse. Tao’s â€Å"An Account of Peach Blossom Spring,† has remained a famous piece of Chinese writing throughout history about the discovery of an otherworldly utopia in which the populace led an ideal existence in harmony with nature, unaware of the outside world. Unlike reality at the time, where the â€Å"tension between the state and the individual had developed fullyâ €  (Owen 1995, 309), Tao’s Peach Blossom Spring is a tranquil magic otherworldly world that idealized a world of freedom and simplicity. He describes this world as â€Å"The land was broad and level, and there were cottages neatly arranged. There were good fields and lovely pools, withShow MoreRelatedCciv5042 Words   |  21 Pagesfrom Song to Qing Dynasty Hee Dam Yoon (52775031) Song Dynasty The Song Dynasty was the golden age of landscape painting in Chinese history. Many artists developed landscape painting during Five Dynasties so, the development in the Song period was smoothly started. Especially emperor Song Huizong enjoyed contribution on art cultivation during the Song Dynasty, so, the soaring of Chinese landscape painting was possible (Hough, â€Å"Sung Dynasty (1960-1179)†). Features of this period are vision of

Tay Sachs Is Fatal Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

By 2 years, Dj responded to auditor cues more than ocular 1s. He no longer could keep up his caput or perform simple activities such as turning the pages of a book.Nystagmus and a â€Å" cherry ruddy † was noticed by the paediatric eye doctor by so which would farther assist in his diagnosing. We will write a custom essay sample on Tay Sachs Is Fatal Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now By this clip, he had regressed to a six months developmental degree ; his balance and vision were truly acquiring worse. At 2yrs, Dj was diagnosed with Tay Sachs by the brain doctor after his changeless visits and ratings. After this diagnosing a Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis for DJ was done to seek to happen the exact defect. A ruddy cell and leucocyte hex A degrees for his parents was done every bit good, to corroborate that both of them were bearers which was proven three hebdomads subsequently. The exact mutant in DJ could non be found which was non a surprise as more than 50 known mutants for this disease be but the research labs in the United States routinely trial for merely nine of the most common 1s. By two and a half old ages, his weight increased from 20 pounds at 2yrs to 25 lbs and he grew a few inches taller. At this pointing clip he had ictuss and experient minutes of agitating when being moved. Excess mucous secretion began constructing up in his pharynx which would subsequently after his lungs and external respiration. He was placed on Diamox for 6 months by so which aided him a spot with grow. His get downing physiological reactions weakened and congestion increased. He was besides placed on a tranquillizer which assisted in diminishing his shudders. By 3 year, he used a suction machine to take the extra mucous secretion so that he could be fed passed. His developments were being delayed further and he developed pneumonia as he became more susceptible to infections. As Dj turned four old ages, he no longer ate chiefly by oral cavity, but took repasts through a NG tubing. Although he did non take medicine to command his ictuss, he now took three medicines daily for other symptoms of the disease: A DiamoxA to cut down the force per unit area on his encephalon, A RobinulA to command extra secernments, andA ZantacA to command the sourness in his stomach.DJ was by no agencies lethargic or vegetive which is common for kids around that age enduring from the disease. He was alert for most of the twenty-four hours, and he moved himself around a batch, turned his ain caput and stretched his organic structure at will. He was really loose, and did non hold a job with contractures or palsy. By 5yrs, DJ received his repasts and medicines through his NG months.A He took three medicines daily for symptoms of the disease: A DiamoxA ( acetazolamide ) to cut down the force per unit area on his encephalon, A robinulA ( glycopyrrolate ) to command extra secernments, andA ativanA ( Ativan ) to assist him kip at dark. He retained some scope of motion eg.turning his ain caput, yawning and stretching his whole organic structure. His parents exercised his carpuss and pess more as they tended to drop down. Daily therapy was given to him by his parents which assisted in diminishing his ictus episodes and retaining some physical motion. Due to limited gesture he developed force per unit area sores as he invariably slept on one side of his organic structure. As small Dj approached his sixth birthday he started holding jobs such stiffness with contractures. It became really hard for him to make certain actions such as dividing his articulatio genuss or conveying his custodies away from his thorax as his shoulder blades would lift when his weaponries were lifted. He was still undergoing physical therapy in order to seek opening up his thorax to do it easier for him to take a breath. Gentle scope of gesture exercisings for his pess and custodies were done to loosen up the articulation in these countries. He experienced acidic belch as good which was discomforting for him. A few yearss before his birthday, Dj became one more statistic for Tay sachs. 1Today, most patients are seen in households with no anterior history of the disease because the recessionary cistron can be carried without being expressed through many coevalss. Carrier testing and familial guidance have made this disease rare in those at known hazard. While there are certain populations at higher hazard, A anyoneA can be a Tay-Sachs bearer. Pathogenesis and Symptoms Tay sachs is a fatal autosomal recessionary familial upset in kids that causes the progressive devastation of the cardinal nervous system due to mutants in the HEXA cistron which encodes the alpha sub unit of the lysosomalA enzymeA beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A. ( 3 ) In order to get the disease, both parents must be bearers of this mutauted HEX A which is to be inherited by an progeny. Possessing the 2 mutated HEX A is identified to be a 1 in 4 opportunity or 25 % .TheA HEXAA cistron provides instructions for doing portion of the enzyme beta-hexosaminidase A, which plays a of import portion in the encephalon and spinal cord. This enzyme is located in lysosomes which is why the disease is classified as a lysosomal storage disease or GM2 gangliosidosis. ( 2 ) Within the lysosomes, beta-hexosaminidase A helps interrupt down a fatty substance GM2 ganglioside. Mutants in theA HEXAA cistron disrupt the activity of beta-hexosaminidase A, which prevents the enzyme from interrupting down GM2 ganglioside. As a consequence, this substance accumulates to toxic degrees, peculiarly in nerve cells in the encephalon and spinal cord. Progressive harm caused by the buildup of GM2 ganglioside leads to the devastation of these nerve cells, which causes the marks and symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease.[ 2 ] Tay Sachs have been linked to about 90 mutants in the HEX A cistron with increasing Numberss. The type of mutants range from point mutants, omissions, splicing site mutants and many others. ( 1 ) Any of these mutants will merely increase the GM2 in the cells suppressing the map of the enzyme hexosaminidase.[ 3 ]A A four base brace interpolation inA exonA 11 ( 1278insTATC ) consequences in an alteredA reading frameA for the HEXA cistron. This mutant is the most prevailing mutant in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, and leads to the childish signifier of Tay-Sachs disease.[ 4 ]A mutant that is unrelated to the prevailing Ashkenazi mutant, a long sequence omission, occurs with similar frequence in households with Gallic Canadian lineage, and has the same pathological effects.This depicts that the fluctuations in the different mutants may hold similar symptoms. The different mutants may besides impact the type of Tay sachs which occurs. Three different types of Tay sachs has been identified ; childish, juvenile and grownup oncoming. Each is characterized by assorted mutants at different phases of the life rhythm. The assorted types and symptoms associated with them as are follows: Childish TSD: InfantsA withA Tay-Sachs diseaseA appear to develop usually for the first six months of life. Then, asA nerveA cells become distended with gangliosides, a grim impairment of mental and physical abilities occurs. The kid becomes blind, deaf, and unable to swallow.A MusclesA get down to atrophy andA paralysisA sets in. Death normally occurs before the age of five.[ 5 ] Late oncoming or Adult Onset ( LOTS ) ; seen in people between their 20s and 30s. This type is normally non-fatal and is seen due to diverse mutant forms. At first, the patient is heterozygous for the mutated cistron later developing two mutated HEXA cistrons that can demobilize, inhibit or change the actions of the hexosamamidase enzyme. This therefore illustrates that one time the patient has one transcript of the HEXAA geneA that still enables some hexosaminidase A activity, a ulterior onset signifier of the disease occurs. The symptoms typically are dysarthria, A proximalA ( bole ) A musculus failing, A tremorandA ataxy. Muscle spasms, particularly in the legs at dark, andA fasciculationsA ( musculus vellication ) are common. Not all symptoms are present in every person affected by the disease ; failing of the proximal musculuss, nevertheless, is a symptom common to all. Examples of trunk musculus failing may include trouble lifting from a sitting place, problem acquiring out of bed, fighting to equilibrate while acquiring dressed. Symptoms ofmanic-depressionA orA psychoticA episodes may be present in approximately 30 % of affected individuals.[ 6 ] Juvenile TSD ; mutants are similar to that found in the grownup onset type of TSD except that the disease occurs between the ages of 2 to 10 normally. This signifier of TSD is highly rare. They develop cognitive, motor, address, andA get downing troubles, ataxy and spasticity. These patients normally die between 5-15 old ages. Diagnosis During gestation, many antenatal trials can be used to name Tay-Sachs in the foetus before birth such as Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling ( CVS ) .[ 7 ]Between the 10th and 12th hebdomads of gestation, an anticipant female parent can acquire a chorionic villus sampling, or CVS, in which a little sample of the placenta is drawn into a needle or a little tubing for analysis. A reddish topographic point in the dorsum of the oculus is displayed and is clearly seeable when viewed by an eye doctor or an oculist. In childish TSD patients, parents normally notice developmental holds but baby doctors frequently dismiss these concerns as normal slow developments. Around 10-14 months of age, TSD patients exhibit problem trailing or concentrating their eyes, which leads to an ophthalmologist visit. The reddish topographic point is rapidly seen and an initial diagnosing of Tay-Sachs or similar annihilating disease is made. Genetecist and brain doctor can normally name this disease every bit good due to the complications noted. Children with Juvenile Tay-Sachs or late oncoming TSD OR grownup TSD with chronic complications normally take a longer clip period to be diagnosed. . Many affected kids and grownups express assorted emotions when eventually acquiring a diagnosing. The enzyme check is a biochemical trial that measures the degree of enzyme in a individual ‘s blood. Babies, kids and grownups have low or non-existent degrees of Hex-A in their organic structure fluid and cells are diagnosed with Tay-Sachs. Low or non-existent degrees of Hex A enzyme will be noted in this disease.[ 8 ] An enzymatic trial can besides be done in order to look into the degree of enzymes in the blood. The public presentation of the HexA cistron can be checked in the serum and leucocytes. Treatment Tays Sachs has no remedy. The patients are merely treated in a mode which can help them in being comfy for the remainder of their lives. In add-on to this, household support can be given to assist the household members cope with the effects of this disease. Each of these intervention methods can be seen in our sample instance of small Dylan. Such methods are as follows ; 1 ) Medicines: used to forestall ictuss. Such medicines are tranquillizers, diamox ( for encephalon force per unit area alleviation ) , robinul ( extra secernment control e.g the extra mucous secretion ) 2 ) Respiratory attention: Tay-Sachs disease normally leads to an accretion of mucous secretion in the lungs. To cut down the sum of mucous secretion nowadays, thorax physical therapy ( CPT ) can be done. Parents of kids enduring from the disease are trained to transport out CPT. 9Children with Tay-Sachs disease are at high hazard of respiratory infections, which affect the lungs and cause external respiration jobs, and need to be carefully monitored and provided with prompt intervention. 3 ) Use of assistive devices: As seen in the instance of Dj, get downing physiological reactions weaken as the disease progresses doing it rather hard when feeding. Devicess can be used in order to feed the patients as the nutrient or fluid may come in the lungs doing sever respiratory jobs once more. The devices used are:[ 10 ] Nasogastric ( NG ) tubing this is a tubing inserted through the olfactory organ to the tummy. Transdermal Esophago-Gastrostomy ( PEG ) tubing PEG tubings are placed through the venters into the tummy during a surgical process that is normally done by a physician specializing in gastroenterology or radiology. This option is more lasting than the NG tubing. 4 ) Physical Therapy:[ 11 ]Physical therapy for musculus and joint stimulation which increases flexibleness and scope of gesture. This is done by rub downing the affected organic structure parts. This helps detain joint stiffness or contractures cut downing or detaining the loss of map or the hurting that can ensue from contractures. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.djhomepage.com/ hypertext transfer protocol: //ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/tay-sachs-disease hypertext transfer protocol: //www.goldbamboo.com/topic-t2982-a1-6Tay-Sachs_Disease.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ntsad.org/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayoclinic.org/tay-sachs-disease/treatment.html hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay % E2 % 80 % 93Sachs_disease hypertext transfer protocol: //kidshealth.org/parent/medical/genetic/tay_sachs.html # hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ntsad.org/S02/S02TS_diag.htm How to cite Tay Sachs Is Fatal Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Dramatic significance of this extract from The Crucible Essay Example For Students

Dramatic significance of this extract from The Crucible Essay Throughout the history of mankind, the misapplication of power, marring of souls has been a part of life. Human emotion is a major factor in prejudice, politics and persecution in modern day. Persecution can be defined in many ways, but no matter how it is defined it is a tragic event. The Crucible is a play set in 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts, written by Arthur Miller in 1953. It is based on the calamitous, witch trials of Salem, at which two young girls deceitfully accused a slave, Tituba of witchery. As a result callous accusations flew from every direction in the town resulting in almost two-dozen innocent men and women hanged and many more jailed. The extract I am studying lays the foundations for the rest of the play, upon which the story line is built on. It is in the first act and comprises the first three pages of the play. The excerpt shows the audience the first lies told in the play by Abigail It were a sport, uncle Betty Parris is still unconscious and is thought to be possessed by spirits. Abigail is denying any suspicion of her conjuring spirits. She is opposing against her uncle, saying he has mistaken himself of what he saw in the forest, You mistake yourself uncle. Her Uncle Rev Parris is determined to get to the bottom of this fiasco, due to the fact that his place in society is at stake, and his daughters life is at stake. From the passage we can see some light shed on the characters. These characteristics stick with each of them throughout the play. The two main characters in the extract are Abigail Williams and Rev Parris. The first act establishes the primary characters of the play who instigate the Salem witch trials. Each has his particular obsessions and motivations that drive him to push for the trials. The first and perhaps most reprehensible of these characters is the Reverend Samuel Parris, a man who symbolises the particular quality of moral repression and paranoia that characterise these trials. Miller immediately establishes Parris, as a man whose main concern is his daughter, for whom he shows little emotion. It is Tituba who shows more concern for Betty Parris My Betty be hearty soon? , than her father who rules this household. When he discusses finding Abigail and Betty dancing in the woods, his concern is not the sin that they committed, but rather the possibility that his enemies may use this sin against him .. for surely my enemies will, and they will ruin me with it. Parris will manifest a sharp paranoia concerning enemies, even when they may not exist. The particular quality of Parris that renders him dangerous is his strong belief in the presence of evil; even before the witchcraft paranoia, Procter indicates that Parris showed an obsession with damnation and hell in order to strike fear into his parishioners. With the seeming presence of witchcraft in Salem, Parris now has a concrete, physical manifestation of the evil he so fears. Abigail is a seventeen-year-old niece of Rev. Parris. She is malicious, caniving and a vengeful girl, who in an attempt to protect herself from punishment, instigates the Salem Witch trials and leads the charge of accusations. We see in the excerpt, that Abigail has no real regret of conjuring up spirits and will persevere to any lengths to discharge her name of witchcraft. She uses techniques such as sympathy, and acting to address the matter brought up by Rev. Parris. These two techniques are emphasised throughout the play during Abigails time in court and while talking to John Procter and the jury. Reverend Samuel Parris is depicted as weak, paranoid Do you understand that I have my enemies? and suspicious in the extract. He instigates the witchcraft paranoia when he finds his daughter and niece dancing in the woods with several other girls. Parris as a result is continually beset with fears that others conspire against him. .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 , .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 .postImageUrl , .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 , .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1:hover , .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1:visited , .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1:active { border:0!important; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1:active , .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1 .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17ac98c76a54abda4324d61bae0efec1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To what extent are Conflict and Love inextricably linked in the play 'Romeo and Juliet' by William Shakespeare? EssayWe see that in the extract even though he ironically does not believe Abigail about doing dancing and witchcraft I saw it! ,, he perpetuates all deception due to the fact that it is in his own self interest. This does show us the audience, that Rev Parris is not trustworthy as, if he can hide such a sinister thought of such from the community, he maybe holding many others, just to keep as Reverend of the town. From the characters in this play, I feel Arthur Miller does want the audience to create abstract ideas from them. One character in particular, which is not mentioned in the extract, but is an influential character in the play is John Procter. I feel Miller uses The Crucible to express his views on what was happening in America when the play was written in 1950s. The Red Scare was result of Senator McCarthy wanting to receive public attention, through an anti-Soviet Campaign which searched for people working among others that believed in communist views or someone who might know of such a person became a common act. This crusade itself was based upon non-existent claims that some workers were communists. The hunting down and persecuting of supposed communists were a mere attempt to increase Senator McCarthys political base. But just like Abigail Williams, his grip on the situation soon crumbled, leaving him disturbed and dishonoured. Arthur Miller engages the audience to a large extent, by toying with their emotions and allowing the audience to think about historical context of the play. For example at the end of each act Miller draws the curtain on the girls firing frenzy and false accusations of witchcraft against many women in Salem. Leaving the audience with climax at the end of each act enhances the play to be like a soap opera. This ensures that the audience gets deeper and deeper into the storyline. I feel, for a director to produce this play on stage is a huge task. Climatic scenes would have to be dealt with carefully to keep the audience interested, and the detail of the characters thought carefully to produce the full effect of this play. An extract such as the one given to me has to be analysed and such things as, lighting, sound, music, and actor look have to be taken in mind if the extract is to be produced successfully.

Consider the way genre conventions are used in the opening sequence of Blade Runner Essay Example

Consider the way genre conventions are used in the opening sequence of Blade Runner Paper Blade Runner was made in 1982 and was directed by Ridley Scott. Made a long time after the classic Noir film making period of the forties and fifties, this neo noir sci-fi thriller was a bricolage of genres and highly original. Described as visually overwhelming, this movie has become a cult classic, and there are few films that have managed to achieve its originality, mood and suspense. The narrative is typical Noir set in a dystopian future Los Angeles. Disillusioned blade Runner Rick Deckard (Harrison Ford) is hired to track down six replicants (more commonly thought of as androids or robots) who are out of control. Typically labyrinthine, as the narrative continues it picks up the femme fatal and other trade marks of classic forties detective fiction, as Deckard stumbles after his quarry in a tough, tough, world. The scene I am looking at is the introduction, the opening sequence of Blade Runner. It is key because it suggests things to the audience through the genre conventions it uses, because the audience will recognise them. Noir opening sequences are very dramatic usually. They create a feeling of claustrophobia and impending doom. They are often what makes a noir stand out and are re-used in other films, for instance the Coen brothers Blood Simple was almost exactly the same as the opening to Double Indemnity, and it is the kind of classic noir opener that is often seen in other films of the genre. Also the opening of any film sets the mood, tone and, most importantly, the expectations of the audience. I am going to explore the genre conventions that are used in the opening sequence, especially the noir conventions, and look at how they are used, and to what effect. I will also look at audience expectations, and how the conventions used create them. We will write a custom essay sample on Consider the way genre conventions are used in the opening sequence of Blade Runner specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Consider the way genre conventions are used in the opening sequence of Blade Runner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Consider the way genre conventions are used in the opening sequence of Blade Runner specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Genre is a term often just associated with classification. It is a lot more than that. Each film genre has its own set of conventions that distinguishes it from other films from other genres and builds expectations within the audience. Inflecting those expectations or subverting and merging them with others does alter an audiences perception of the film. Phillip Drummond says They (genres) respond to rules and conventions by developing formulas and patterns of theme, character and iconography (the repertory of visual motifs) He also states that genres need to stay the same to survive, and also, for precisely the same reason, need to retain the possibility of innovation and change Blade Runner is an example of such innovation and change. All these conventions and rules form a language which the viewer learns through years of watching film, and subconsciously reads. Each genre has its own language, a set of symbols and conventions which distinguish it from other genres. My approach to the study will be an iconography approach to genre study, as it embraces not only looking at classification but the way a film looks, its language, and its continuity and change. There are other conventions such as sound which must be considered, and things like character stereotypes, narrative structure and themes that its harder to explore in one scene. Foster Hirsch describes Film Noir as as a descriptive term for the American crime film as it flourished, roughly from the early forties to the late fifties It became known as Noir because of its dark look, a look that came from the German expressionist movement. It created its own conventions, and created a whole new style of lighting, low-key lighting. Low key lighting was a style where the main characters wouldnt always be lit up in full, and would not only leave many parts of their face and body in shade, but also parts of the set and scenery. It was a dark image that created a world full of contrasting patterns of light and dark and would create a dark, tense, claustrophobic and secretive atmosphere. It wasnt just a style, or a technique to create suspense, but symbolic representation of a dark reality. A scared reflection of a modern world that lacked morals. Where people always seemed to be I the dark because of lack of knowledge, or because they were secretly greedy and lustful. It represented hidden emotions and a clash between good and evil that was almost daily. The film doesnt just use Noir conventions. From the outset it is clear that science fiction has big role to play as the sequence opens up with a scrolling text. This is a most common part of sci-fi, that even without such words as replicant and Blade Runner to highlight the genre, we understand that it has been used in such sci-fi greats as Star Wars, and that it is an essential part of informing the audience of the setting of the sci-fi. The script, however, is in red this hints at the types of emotions the film is going have in it, such as anger and lust, but also tells us that it isnt going to be like Star Wars and the others, and will have a different edge to it. The text sets other expectations as well, of the narrative. It tells that a Blade Runner (and what a Blade Runner is) will be hunting down what are in essence outlaws, giving the audience an idea of what other genres the film will be drawing on. It could be interpreted as a western, but sounds like one of the more classic chases of the noir crime genre. The lone detective in a world of deceit and lies trying to find the truth. Next we are given the date and location. While the fact that is 2019 tells us it is Sci-fi, the location of Los Angeles is most definitely the site of most crime stories, and a classic Noir location. Also the hero is a world weary cynic, as up to this point he had been retired, so he knows his stuff. This is the classic hero/anti-hero that noir loves to use. The slow moving tracking shot of the city is the next thing that appears, and it to has its Noir elements. While it is most definitely a futuristic setting, it is also dystopian. Film Noirs world is almost indefinitely dark, as this city is. The world of Noir is not just dark, it is a setting for lust, greed, mystery and corruption. This city is the kind of opening shot most Noir directors would have dreamt of. It has many levels, which could be symbolic of the different levels of corruption in this city, and it is also massive. It is perplexingly complex, yet almost totally dark. This wide angle establishing shot is breath-takingly presented in the first few moments, yet what the eye is drawn to the most is the large bursts of flame appearing from different parts of the screen. Fire is a classic symbol of Noir, standing for corruption, burning anxiety and Hell, where most of the characters in this film are headed for, or so it suggests. The fiery colour are juxtaposed to the blackness, and make an interesting contrast. It is not only symbolic therefor, but also a device to create mood and suspense. The next thing that strikes us is a sort of lying car, obviously a land mark of the future, and something that has become a classic symbol of sci-fi. It is not just that though, as the theme of escape has always been one a the very heart of noir. The actual doing it is always in question, as noir is a fatalist genre where it seems that the characters cant escape their eventual fate. The car is not just a symbol of that escapist theme, but is also seemingly moving away from the city (the place always to escape from), and is a more actual than just symbolic reference to escape. Earth looks like a dispiriting place that people would want to escape from, probably to the off earth colonies. The images created make the city seem threatening, a place where people are trapped and doomed, and this is also a major part of noir. Not just a theme, but a feel, an atmosphere that is created. From this opening we know that the opposite of this world an agrarian paradise would be the utopia that would be the place to escape to. Again the colonies seem to provide that answer, they are places where there is space, somewhere to be able to see things, somewhere better to live. It then cuts to a blue eye with fire reflected in it, juxtaposed with the colour of the eye to a startling effect, and also used as a symbolic reference to film Noir. We have no idea who the eye belongs to at this point, but we assume one of the main characters. The eye is not just an interesting opening sequence device to shake up the mood, but a running theme throughout the film. Not only that but it is an allusion to one of the central themes of Noir, the act of seeing. Vision as a whole is a theme often in question, how it can be clouded, whether characters see what they want to see, and in a dark genre such as Noir, the actual physical, and not just metaphorical, act of seeing becomes a central preoccupation of the viewer. Before this shot the tracking shot didnt seem have any destination, but we cut back to the tracking shot and our attention is drawn to pair of large, triangular buildings with white beams of light coming from the top. The chiaroscuro pattern of light and dark recurs throughout noir, and these make a classic symbol. As J. A Place and L. S Peterson describe in Some visual motifs of Fil Noir it is the constant opposition of light and dark that characterises noir cinematography. Small areas of light seem on the verge of being totally overwhelmed by the darkness that threatens from all sides. And this is exactly what we can see here. It is towards these we now head. Because of the expectations created by the opening sequence so far, the audience already has a certain understanding of what is going to happen. Not just in the narrative, but in what the expect to see. Remembering the shot of the flying car, the viewer will probably realise, now we have a destination, that we seem to be on o ne these. That is was is taking us to our apparent destination of the two buildings, and the shot can now be recognised as having some practical relevance to the film. It is not just some grandiose sci-fi opener, but an integral part of the film, accustoming the audience to the feel of the film, and the world they are entering. This very continues the custom of Noir openings, where you are placed in the world of the characters, either by being in a car in the rain (Blood Simple, Coen Brothers 1983, Double Indemnity, Billy Wilder 1944) or by travelling the seedy back streets of the inner city in another way. This time we are just travelling above. We cut back to a medium shot of a man standing in a smoky room, extremely reminiscent of a private detectives office. It is small, cramped badly lit, and the unnerving sound of a huge fan whirring. The fan is a classic symbol of Noir because of the way it emphasises the claustrophobia of cramped spaces, and because it has a knack of creating the image of jail with a juxtaposed pattern of light and dark splashed across small walls. It does its job well here, and not only creates a enclosed atmosphere in seconds, but really does add to the Noir feeling of the film. Of course it looks out of place, as the so far we have seen nothing but futuristic images, albeit unpleasant ones. This image is obviously contrasted with the others so sharply to create a shock. It is at this point that the audience get their first proper idea of genre mixing, as well as the possibility of archetypal characters appearing, and certain narrative conventions being followed. This is true, and there is a lot of noir conventions that appear throughout the film, but the old set up against a futuristic backdrop is indicative of the film itself. Its set is a mixture of superior technological advancements set in an almost industrial age city, which cramped living style and industrial smear reminds you of something from Oliver Twist, or gangster movies set during the Great Depression. Ridley Scott managed to use Noir conventions to create this dystopian vision. The connotations that this Noir imagery carries are important in helping the audience pre-determine the narrative, recognise the themes, and creating a mood. We cut back to the approach to the building until we settle inside the office. Then we again cut back to the approach. We can see the office through a window, as well as the building it is situated in. Up close it is a grimy, metallic, but definitely futuristic in its design. We cut back to the office, and see that it has a table and two chairs. A computers voice opens the scene introducing one of the characters with his name, occupation and how long hes worked. The edge interview that follows is typically Noir. There are long pauses, awkward silences, and interviewed character is very defensive. The interviewer is shot at the end when the interviewee delivers a line that carries all the hidden threat and innuendo that a bad guy would want to carry in a Noir. Let me tell you about my mother. The non-diegetic music running through the entire opening sequence shout sci-fi, it is dreamy and electronic, a winding piece that fits perfectly with the setting and establishes a very futuristic and dystopian mood. As a film student I have been able to recognise many elements of the opening that suggest the mixture of Noir with Sci-Fi. These images and clues were put their purposefully and were supposed to let the viewer know the nature of the film within minutes. It is questionable, however, to whether this theory is correct, and whether it is possible to tell such things from a film language. The film was slated when it first came out, and did appallingly at the box office. This could be due to peoples expectations being focused totally on the Sci-Fi element of the film from the beginning because they missed the signs. Then when the film did not conform to their expectations the were disappointed. I use myself as a perfect example, as when I watched when I was younger I was very confused by the lack of action in the film and did not pick up on the Noir elements. Ultimately, though, that is because of my lack of knowledge of Noir at the time. The beauty of the film is that it confuses expectations from the very start and does not promise anything specific, other than the fact that you know it will have elements in from both noir and sci-fi. We have already read from the opening that the future appears to be bleak and threatening, and yet many elements from the past have survived. We also have expectations of the characters and the narrative from the opening dialogue. It is all picked up through an understanding of the language of film, and the more film we watch the more we will be able to read that language. The noir iconography in this opening sequence is not explicit until the scenes in the office, but it is always there.

To Measure the Immune Response essays

To Measure the Immune Response essays To Measure the Immune Response, through Lysozyme Activity and Leucocyte Counts in Atlantic salmon infected with ADG, Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis is an amoeboid protozoan that causes amoebic gill disease (AGD) in salmonids in several different countries (Mundy et., 2001). AGD is the main disease affecting the salmon industry in Australia (Powell & Clark 2004), and is the most important infectious disease affecting sea-caged salmon in Tasmania (Findlay & Munday 1998) it has been reported that pre-existing gill lesions and other amoebae may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease (Munday et al. 1990), Little information is available on the epidemiology of AGD and the biology of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis the aetiological organism of AGD. The disease appears as white mucoid patches on the surface of the gill lamellae, with pronounced mucous production (Mundy et al 1990). N. pemaquidensis has been associated with sever gill disease and significant mortalities among salmon reared in seawater (Bruno and Poppe, 1996). The immune response of a fish is strong and measurable (Kuby 1997). The non-speci fic, innate arm of the immune system exists to either prevent pathogens from entering the host or prevent multiplication and colonization of the microbe within the host (Kuby 1997). Innate immunity comprises four types of defensive barriers (Anatomic barriers, physiological barriers Phagocytic and endocytic barriers). Phagocytic and endocytic barriers consist of cells that phagocytose or endocytose foreign macromolecules and break them down, and specialized phagocytic cells (monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils) (Kuby 1997). Leucocytes can be classed as neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes. Lymphocytes can be broken down into two populations of both Band T lymphocytes which recognise antigens and therefore produce the reciprocal antibody and stimulants such as cytokines, which inturn stimulates t...

Interoffice Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interoffice Memo - Essay Example I do believe that law enforcement agents can be an asset in this field of investigation where digital evidence need to be handled with care much like any physical evidence should be handled in order to be assured that evidence would not be tampered with from the time it is collected unto the time that the evidence is used in court. As you have informed me, your team is not computer-trained. This should not stop your team from broadening the scope of their responsibility. It used to be that only people who are highly trained in computers are able to assist in such cases of crime as involves computers or data objects found in computer files. However, due to the proliferation of computer crimes in recent years, it has become quite impractical to be only employing the "experts" as it slows down the investigation process. It is not only impractical; it becomes quite unreasonable to have a few experts perform these duties by themselves (O'Shea, n.d.). Thus it has become necessary that law enforcement agents also be involved in the "chain of custody" in a crime scene where computers are directly involved. In this connection it would be a good thing to come together and discuss vital issues on the management of digital evidence. Your law enforcement team could undergo basic training on how to recognize, seize, transport and store original evidence in order to preserve it for forensic examination. Details of this training will be discussed in a meeting that I hope to soon have with your team. But in a nutshell, let me lay out what I hope would give you an overview of how your law enforcement team could participate in the investigation of the case at hand. Seizure Methodology Let us discuss seizure methodology. Traditionally, the first thing that must be done is to secure the physical scene, followed by securing the digital scene. In such a scenario, "all hardware and media are seized, documented, labeled and packaged for delivery to the lab" (O'Shea, n.d.). In the lab, all seized data is analyzed. This is the simplest chain of duties to be done. This, however, works well if there is only a single computer or a few computers involved. In our case where a number of computers are involved, the methodology becomes a bit more detailed because seizing all the computers would be quite impractical to do. In the event where there are a handful of computers involved, the following steps are involved: digital media identification, prioritizing the physical media so as to minimize the crime scene and then the seizure of storage devices and media. In digital media identification we simply try to find the digital media that has the highest probability of having the much sought after evidence. After the identification of all possible media involved, it must be determined which among these contain information leading to the crime. It would be impractical to get all the devices at the

How to Expand and Improve the Market of Preschool Education and Adult Research Paper

How to Expand and Improve the Market of Preschool Education and Adult Education - Research Paper Example The paper tells that preschool education focuses on taking care of kids on behalf of their parents and teaching them the simplified basic education. These kids, apart from learning, will be fed and cleaned in these schools. Adult education entails providing knowledge to people of over eighteen years old and with low education level. These people are taught how to write, read and do a simple calculation. They can also be educated on various topics regarding life such as health, hygiene, and agriculture and drug abuse. A successful adult education system requires a properly planned, well organized and working program. Preschool and adult education is a new business opportunity in the modern world and should be exploited. Currently, this system of preschool and adult education has already seen some success in different parts of the world. However, this sector needs to be expanded and improved remarkably. The expansion can include setting up the fully equipped school with buildings and a ll the facilities as well as enough staff to carry out all the activities of the institution. The idea is to come up with an institution that will cater for both children and adult classes simultaneously. The institutions can be combined or built separately depending on the available land. These institutions will offer both education and other services such as a provision of meals and drinks to the students. The future prospect of these institutions is very promising because everyone in the current world is yearning for knowledge. To the young career mothers, it is an excellent opportunity as they can get adequate time to attend to their jobs without having to worry about a nanny. The increasing number of career women has led to an even earlier age introduction of kids in preschool education at a very tender age of fewer than 3 years old. The older people who have less education are also so ready to embrace these services so that they are not left behind in the fast transforming wor ld.

Tanning. Why do people still tan after knowing all the bad effects Essay

Tanning. Why do people still tan after knowing all the bad effects - Essay Example Within the same era as that of Shakespeare, Elizabeth I passed away from white lead cosmetics. Such concept of beauty was also prevalent in Europe during much of the 18th and 19th centuries. This was because tanned skin signifies manual labor, of people who toil under the sun, the fair skinned people were regarded as the elite of the society. However, it was only when the labor practice has changed, where indoor work had become a norm, that tanned skinned became a trademark of people who can afford to do it for leisure purposes. Iconic figure Coco Channel during the 1920's accidentally acquired a tan during one of her holidays. This has had ignited a fad among fair skinned people to get themselves tanned. ( Wikipedia ) The first and the most common is sunburn, where the usual symptoms are marked by the redness of skin and peeling that takes places after a few days of too much sun exposure. This is described to be as a short-term skin damage. The next problem encountered is the premature aging or photoaging. ... Another one that is most dreaded by all is skin cancer. One type is called melanoma which is considered to be the less common but dangerous form of skin cancer that can cause death. UV radiation causes cancer in two ways : 1. By damaging DNA cells that will cause abnormal growth in the skin, that could be benign or malignant, and 2. by making the immune system weak that leads to the inability of the body to defend itself from aggressive cancer cells. Another kind of growth named actinic or solar keratoses is a concern because it has the tendency to develop into cancer cells. Then another risk which most people are not aware of is eye damage. This happens when the eyes weren't protected from the heat of the sun. It causes cataract characterized by the clouding of the lens of the eyes thereby blocking one's vision. Lastly, most people regardless of the race or skin color will most like suffer from immune suppression where the body's natural defenses to fight against diseases were compromised. Apparently, weak immune system makes one susceptible to different diseases where one of them could be skin cancer. (U.S. Food and Drug Administration) Reasons Why People Tan Despite Risks Robin Hornung and Solmaz Poorsattar, students of the University of Washington, conducted a study among 385 UW students about their tanning behaviors. It was revealed that 75% of the students do tanning in order to look good and 41% specified it is a relaxation technique. Due to these reasons, students strive to achieve their aim that the researchers described it to be an addictive behavior. ( Paras ) Steven Feldman, a lead researcher for the Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center , said that they believed that tanning has a

Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment

Attachment Theory And Risk Assessment Linking Theory, Research, and Practice: Risk-Assessments and Child Protection. The primary goal of this paper was to broaden my knowledge and understanding around the theory, research, policies, and procedures guiding risk-assessment decision making within child protection service. Individuals and group identified as at-risk-, for one or more myriad reasons have been the broad focus of a decade s worth of academic and professional purists. Although the initial concern for all at-risk individual remains, practical and academic experiences have narrowed the scope to include children under the age of twelve, at risk- of, or currently residing out-of-home-care placements (hereafter referred to as care environments). Of all at-risk- populations, I believe these children are the most vulnerable to negative outcomes in the near and distant futures. Substantiated allegations of child maltreatment1 are responsible for 80% of child protection investigations, and preceded out-of-home care placements of at least 90% of the current care-population (Gough, 2000; Wiley, 2009). For several helpless years, I witnessed the devastating consequences for those children that child protection services failed. When child protection workers would report risk-assessment results, I was repeatedly astonished by outcomes, which failed to remove from unhealthy home environments. Consequently, I developed an interest in contributing factors in risk- assessment. To convey the complexity of competing factors that influence risk-assessment outcomes, the following section provides some brief background information about child protection services and additional information around the risk-assessment process. Background Canada s Child, Family, and Community Services Act (CFCS) (1996), is the major source of information that guides each province in the development, regulation and implementation of child protection services. Recent amendments to the Canadian Criminal Code (1985), such as the controversial) legal obligation to report suspected child abuse/maltreatment, provide additional legal guidelines. In British Columbia (BC), the Ministry of Child and Family Development (MCFD), is responsible for overseeing the quality and delivery of Child Protection Services. Independent arrangements exist between the MCFD and twenty-four separate Aboriginal child protection Agencies. National estimates suggest that on any given day, more than 67 000 Canadian children (9.2 children per 1000) will be living in out-of-home care (Garrison, 2004; Gough, 2007; Trocm , Tourigny, MacLaurin, Fallon, 2003) British Columbia`s contribution to this figure represents 1% of the province`s children, although a disproportionate amount of these children are Aboriginal2. Approximately equal numbers of females (48%) and males (52%) live in care settings with a combined average age of 9.0 years (Child and Youth Officer for British Columbia, 2005; Connolly, 2007; Hardiker, Exton Barker, 1991). Risk-assessment and Decision Making Out-of-home care environments primarily refer to kinship care (family member), foster care, and residential/group care facilities, independent or assisted living facilities, and formal institutionalization (e.g., hospitals or mental health institutions) (Rosen 1999; Trocm et al, 2003; Waechtera et al, 2009). Child in short-term care (awaiting a permanent placement) comprise 40% of this population, and the remaining 60% represents children in long-term care placements (minimum of five uninterrupted years) (Fisher, Burraston, Pears, 2005; Kelly Milner, 1996; Solomon, 2002). Research has identified areas of significant concern associated with each of these environments, including but not limited to child maltreatment from caregivers, isolation, inadequate foster parent screening, training, poor parenting skills, negative peer influences, deviant peer clustering, and instability (Garrison, 2004; Okagaki Luster, 2005; Rosen, 1999; Solomon, 2002). Risk-assessment refers to the decision making process of child welfare workers investigating the potential dangers associated with a child s primary care environment (Connolly, 2007; Kelly Milner, 1996). Typically, these assessments are intended to validate allegations of child maltreatment (Gilbert et al., 2009; Wiley, 2009). Despite the high stakes associated with each of these outcomes, there are no mandated procedural standard associated with the assessment process. This assessment is a largely subjective judgement or evaluation of the severity of potential harm to the child (Drury-Hudson, 1999). There are three possible outcomes of a risk assessment corresponding to perceived severity of the risk and age of the child (see Figure 1). Family Development Response (FDR) is likely when the risk- is considered high, yet manageable through interventions that target adult behaviours. If the risk is moderate or higher (and the child is old enough) Youth Services Response may be considered. When the risk- is immediate, and severs, the only available recourse is to begin a child protection investigation. Child Protection: Goals Child protection services are one way that childrens rights are enforced and upheld and to the increase the likelihood of the child to develop the characteristics (personality and behavioural) associated with success and wellbeing in adulthood. The intended purpose of child protection is to safeguard children from immediate and future harm. The focus of most protection investigations is on the efforts and ability of caregivers to provide a supportive environment that does not threaten the safety and wellbeing of the child, and promotes cognitive, physical, and emotional developmental process (Waechtera et al., 2009). Unfortunately, these goals rarely achieved. When compared to non-care population, research investigations consistently describe children in care as more aggressive, antisocial and are more likely to demonstrate pathological and or problem behaviours (Chamberlain, 2003; Simms, Dubowitz, Szilagyi, 2000; Rosen, 1999). Additionally, children in care are four times as likely (65% of children in care) to be diagnosed with one or more clinical mental health condition (e.g., Oppositional Defiance Disorder, Reactive Attachment Disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) (Three, 2001; Provincial Health Officer of BC, 2001; Wiggins, Fenichel, Mann, 2007). Furthermore, children in care are prescribed more pharmacological treatments (e.g., Ritalin) for longer periods, at higher dosages (Vitally, 2001). The purpose of this paper is to examine theoretical and empirical support for the practices associated with the risk-assessment process and outcomes. Attachment Theory has been extensively applied within social services practices and research. Direct references to Attachment Theory are found throughout practice guidelines for child protection services. Attachment Theory Attachment Theory has traditionally been regarded as the theoretical bridge between early childhood development research and clinical social work practices (McMillan, 1992). The influence of Attachment Theory within child protection services is pervasive to the point of being indistinguishable (Byrne, 2005; Haight, Kagle, Black, 2003). According to Attachment Theory, critical, developmental periods in the first years of life where the quality of a child-caregiver attachment relationship is crucial for health development (Bowlby, 1999; Bretherton, 1992). Bowlby believed that the critical function of the parent-child attachment relationship was the formation of an internal working model that formed the basis for lifelong patterns of interpersonal behaviours and shaped all aspects of subsequently formed relationships (Bacon Richardson, 2001). Attachment Theory and Child Protection Practices: Summary of Research It is evident that Attachment Theory has exerted considerable influence upon child protection practices (Axford, Little, Morpeth, Weyts, 2005; Schore Schore, 2008). Child protection guidelines frequently and specifically refer to Attachment Theory when describing theoretical support for recommended practices (Bacon Richardson, 2001; Trevithick, 2000). For example, practitioners guidelines recommend that when child welfare workers respond to allegations of abuse, the risk-assessment should consider the style of the attachment relationship between a child and mother, and balance the consequences of breaking a secure attachment against the consequences of perceived risk- (Harris, 2009; Simms et al., 2000). Consistent with central tenants of Attachment Theory, the importance of familial relationships is emphasized throughout policies and practices, including the screening of adoptive parents (e.g. the recommendation that child welfare workers assess adoptive parent in terms of the att achment potential), child custody determinations, therapeutic support (i.e., Family focused therapy), and risk- assessment (Barth, Crea, John, Thoburn, Quinton, 2005; Lopex, 1995; McMillen, 1992). Moderate evidence indicates that under specific conditions, there is empirical evidence to support assessment of attachment relationship (Axford et al., 2005; Byrne, OConnor, Marvin, Whelan, 2005). These conditions include risk assessment involving infants and/or children less than two year of age, availability of high quality alternative care environment, use of standardized attachment measures (i.e., Ainsworth s Strange Situation test) and sufficient time available for a minimum of two assessment opportunities (OConnor Byrne, 2007). Unfortunately, there appears to be little research support for the above recommendations in all but the specific conditions described above. Recent research indicates that key elements of Attachment Theory are often misinterpreted by practitioners and inappropriately applied to situations that contradict research recommended parameters (Holland, 2001). No evidence links style of attachment with a course of action in risk- assessment (Barth et al., 2005). Practitioner guidelines seem to overstate the extent of empirical support justifying use of attachment assessment in high stakes decision-making processes (Connolly, 2007; Trevithick, 2000). Additional concerns have been raised around a concerning tendency in the attachment research to draw unsupported conclusions, an erroneous use of correlational research designs (vs. experimental), inappropriate use of assessment methods, discounting environmental confounds, a lack of regard for extra-familial relationships, and a tendency to attr ibute problems to deficiencies in parenting (Harris, 2009; Solomon, 2002) Final Remarks Overall, Attachment Theory is consistent with the family focus of child protection practices, however, there is no evidence linking this framework with improved long-term outcomes. Reported benefits and related successes appear to occur almost randomly, and rare, and often are limited to unrealistic example of care environments that in no way represent the much harsher reality. There appears to be a need for practitioner education to improve their understanding and interpretation of Attachment Theory. It appears there is also a need to establish standardized assessment procedures, including the development and introduction of research validated assessment tool. As it currently exists, the range, severity, and prevalence of developmental problems noted among children in care, the high financial costs to society, the lack of intervention strategies, and the twenty years of negative growth, are undeniable evidence of our dismal failure as a society to protect our most vulnerable members (Chamberlain, 2003; Farruggia, Greenberger, Chen, Heckhausen, 2006; Okagaki Luster, 2005; Sims, Dubowitz, Szilagy, 2006).

The Issue of Age Discrimination in America Essay -- Age Discrimination

The Issue of Age Discrimination in America The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) protects against age discrimination under Title VII. Specifically, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), which was passed in 1967 by congress, covers discrimination against employees who are 40 or more years old. This topic should be a big concern for employers, since the number of elderly workers is increasing as the baby boomer population matures. It is estimated that as many as twenty-percent of the claims filed with the EEOC are for age discrimination. Also, age discrimination settlements can be considerably higher than typical discrimination cases. Upon research, the average award amount between 1955 and 1988 was $219,000. (www.ama.net). For this reason alone, employers should take care of how they handle their aging workers. As mentioned above, the EEOC is responsible for enforcing the age discrimination regulations, including the ADEA of 1967. This regulation is in effect supposed to â€Å"promote employment of older persons based on their ability rather than age; to prohibit arbitrary age discrimination in employment; and to help employers and workers find ways of meeting problems arising from the impact of age on employment.† (www.eeoc.gov). The ADEA presides over the boundaries for age discrimination in all aspects of employment. It not only protects against discrimination for employees, but job applicants as well. Even job advertisements must not include age d...

No Child Left Behind Policy Essay

People have been used to announcements of various highly contagious diseases like the H1N1 influenza. A closer look at the course of the events shows that various public policies are instituted or strengthened to enhance control and mitigation of these diseases. What are the implications of these policies to a state like Georgia and Catoosa County in particular? On the same level there are various communication policies that have been instituted or even strengthened to enhance the human development especially with respect to freedom of speech and communication in general (Peterson & West (2003). Education has also been affected in a number of ways by various policies. This paper attempts to assess the impact of the ‘No Child Left Behind† policy on the state of Georgia with an emphasis on the Catoosa County. The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† is a public policy that was established to enhance education and academic development in the United States across all the states. In Georgia, one of the effects of the policy was the formation of charter schools. These are institutions that receive public funding just like other public schools in the public schools system. However, they have considerable reliance on the support of the communities in Georgia. The impact of the ‘No Child Left Behind’ can therefore be looked at in several ways as a multifaceted aspect in the sense of a Georgia community perspective. Given their nature, it would help to look at the financial implications of this policy (Wood & Meier 2004). The fact that these schools have been built because of the policy explains, in part, the positive impact of the policy. Thus, if it can be put in terms of Cost-Benefit Analysis, it would not be difficult to conclude that the force of the positive impact (which is the general development acquired from the more established schools) overweighs what would be though of as a burden (Olivert 2007). These effects are felt throughout Georgia including Catoosa County as small a county as it might be. NCLB are the most recent standard based education reforms that have been legislated by the government towards the No child left behind policy in order to provide measurable goals and high standards to improve productivity of individuals through proper education. Assessment of basic skills is supposed to be conducted by the state to determine the grade standards of educating and funding of education for each student and the school as a whole (Peterson & West (2003). Congress increased funding to education after the inception of the No child Left behind policy by about 40% to make the course more practical and to reach a wider population of students. The local governments were seen to be lax, failing students leading to the intervention of the federal government to push the course for No child Left behind in education to address issues like teachers teaching areas distant from their profession and failure to cater for special education. . Another impact of the policy is on governance. With the implementation of the policy, there were various objectives and targets each community had to achieve. These objectives and targets could only be met if the mode of governance was transformed to match the requirements of the policy (Wood & Meier 2004). While assessing the problems facing the efficiency and effectiveness of the charter schools as a response to the ‘No Child Left Behind’, the Georgia Public Policy Foundation noted that there are problems in governance and financing. This is because it is important that those who are engaged in organizing the charter schools, for instance, must have good knowledge of realms of education and must also be equipped with knowledge in finance (Wright et al 2004). If this is not the case, then they must be in a position to put a team together which is proficient in both aspects. Failure to meet standards of fiscal management will automatically qualify a charter for closure. There has been increased accountability in public schools after the enactment of the NCLB that have in deed significantly contributed to the no child left behind Policy and to improve the standards of education. The students in a particular public school can move to a higher performing school if the assessment finds that they have undergone an adequate yearly progress in consecutive years (Olivert 2007). The policy therefore brings a direct economic connotation to Georgia given that the established charter schools rely on the local governance to survive. Even though there is an economic burden put on the local communities, the policy itself has enabled more development to be achieved. A number of notable ends come from the No child left behind policy including: students outcomes being linked to the state academic standards in regards to the policy framework, the performance of students and their progress in math and reading measured annually to determine if they are within the set standards, parents receive adequate information as this is required of the state and school district and a foundation for parental involvement in the district and state schools affairs is consequently laid (Wood & Meier 2004). Parental involvement is important in promoting proper administration of and improvement of schools as well as check against any misappropriation of funds The No Child left behind is in deed a noble course championed by former president Bush to facilitate the achievement or even surpass the achievement of state standards in line with the federal standards mathematics and reading in the coming decade. Progress is significant in this policy that actually measures the achievement by a state assessment. Reference: Peterson H. & West M. (2003). â€Å"No child left behind? The politics and practice of school accountability,† Brookings Institution Press: New York. Wood H. & Meier D. (2004). â€Å"Many children left behind: how the No Child Left behind Act is damaging our children and our schools,† Beacon Press: New York. Wright D et al. (2004). â€Å"No child left behind,† Harbor House Law Press: New York. Olivert D. (2007). â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act: text, interpretation and changes. † Nova Publishers: New York.

The Colour Purple Essays

The Colour Purple Essays The Colour Purple Essay The Colour Purple Essay Essay Topic: Woman of Colour Novel From reading the novel it could be said that the first half is concentrated on how men hold the power over women. This view is supported by Stuart who highlights the exploitation of black women by black men. However I do not agree with this view. I dont think the focus is jus on gender itself although it does play a part, but I think their sex and colour was also brought up. During the novel we see that males dominated females and white families were classed as more important than black families. This was caused by the time in which the novel was set in, slavery had been abolished however it was still in peoples minds and we see it still carried on in some areas of the novel. One example of this is when Alphonso is almost selling Celie. He barters by adding a cow to the deal and points out her positive sides, she aint no stranger to hard work, and she clean. Celie has the power to move on and almost start life again, partly through gaining financial power. This is portrayed to us when Celie leaves with Shug and sets up her own business making pants for women, which had only started as a hobby. However Celie made it work for her, she started making money and became independent as she was making her own money now. I am as Mary O Connor quoted an extract by Gates, Celie writes herself into being. This shows a change amongst Celie showing she believes in herself whereas before at the beginning of the novel she crossed I am out and replaced it with I have. Celie making trousers may have given here this power because they are often looked at as a symbol of freedom for women. Within the context of the time period in the novel, women wearing trousers would have been looked upon as rebellious which itself gives that person a form of power. This however was not true for Albert; after Celie left him he became a mess. He locked himself in the house and Harpo had to go and get him out. Albert, probably shocked that Celie had actually left him later became a changed man who Celie began to like as he was into all kinds of new things like nature. We also find Albert used to sew with his mother, something Celie and Albert now have in common. He says people used to laugh at him and Celie said, well, nobody gon laugh at you now here help me stitch in these pockets. We now see that Albert has started to respect Celie and doesnt just look at her as his own property, took me long enough to notice you such good company. Mary OConner says that Alphonsos exhortation towards Celie at the beginning of the novel gave her a way out. He threatens Celie that she cannot tell anyone what he had done to her apart from god. He tells her she can tell god but no one else or he will kill her mother, you better not never tell nobody but god. Itd kill your mammy. Through the threat from Alphonso, Celie may feel he has power not only over her but also over her loved ones as her mothers life is at risk, as shown by O Connor speaking would be an act of murder, a matricide. By giving Celie the right to write to god he had given her a way out and saved her from becoming insane or mentally ill. Although she cannot tell another person, she has someone to confide in and to share her problems with. The threat from Alphonso supports Stuarts perception that men are mostly troublesome, sometimes cruel. Alphonso here has shown a psychological strength because by threatening her, hes forced her into not speaking to other people about any of her problems and teaching her to keep all her problems to herself. However he is not aware that Celie writing to god allows her to offload and share her problems with someone other than herself. O Connor says that Celies existence to be denied this explains that in her rape experience and also in the fact that she has a lack of voice she is therefore not able to share her bad experience with anyone. However I think she is able to express her feelings through writing so is therefore giving herself a voice and existence which goes against what O Connor states. Walker shows Alphonsos psychological power over Celie in the beginning of her writing letters. Celie crossed out I am. This is almost as if she is crossing herself out. She changes it to, I have always been a good girl. It seems that Celie is taking the blame for what Alphonso has done to her. This is the first time we see an authority figure abuse Celie which reinforces male dominance in her life. The rape not only shows physical power strength and power but also emotional authority, due to Celies naivety, for his own pleasure. Another time in the novel in which we see Alphonsos power over Celie is when he is trying to get rid of her by marrying her off. However its more like he is selling her as they barter, he even throws in a cow. This again relates back and shows how black females in this time period were still being treated as slaves. O Connor tells us her feminist analysis is interested in the voices, as its a male dominated conversation where Celie only gets in a few words on a highly important decision which can affect her whole life. Here Alphonso shows his total power over Celie and the fact that not only does he control her life now, but he also controls her future and how or who she will spend it with. The fact that she cannot decide herself who she wants to marry takes all control away from her. Throughout this Celies voice is absent, and even when its important decisions about her own life she still seems to have no voice. Religion to the lives of the people in the novel was not the sanctuary it might have been according to Mary OConner, Alphonso gave Celie one way out perhaps the result of some dialogical residue of his Christian culture. However Celie received a beating after church, cause he say I winked at a boy in church. The colour purple itself is a symbol of violence which runs throughout the novel as its the colour of bruises. However it can also portray authority as its the colour of royalty. Walker symbolises power through this quote, womanism is to feminism as purple is to lavender. This tells us Walker thinks womanism as a stronger form or feminism as the colour purple is brighter than lavender. Shug tells us that the colour purple is everywhere and that God has used this colour to portray beauty, I think it pisses God off if you walk pass the colour purple in a field somewhere and dont notice it. It can also be said that Gods love for this colour made black people in this complexion as in one of Netties first letters to Celie when she arrives in Africa she talks about the Senegalese peoples skin, So and so is blacker than black, hes blueblack. Celies getting married and it looks as if shes getting away from Albert and also from the abuse and suffering. However we find its going to be the same life for her its just a different set of males throwing and shouting abuse at her, The children be outside the room peeking through the cracks. It all I can do not to cry. I make myself wood. I say to myself, Celie, you a tree. Thats how come I know trees fear man. We can see how unhappy Celie really is, she explains she trys to make herself like wood so that they cannot affect or hurt her anymore. Another section of power in the novel is the physical domination of the women. Celie being a black woman is disadvantaged as not only is she looked upon as a slave but she is also dominated by the male authorities in the novel. She suffers at the hands of men. We can therefore argue that the emancipation proclamation of the post civil war era freed men but not the women because the male authority then saw the woman as their slave which is how Celie is treated by both Albert and Alphonso, we see this when Albert does not get off his horse to meet Celie but also speaks about her in third person, Hes still on his horse. He look me up and down. This shows us his power over her. Alphonso treats Celie like a slave. He shows no respect towards her, from this we can learn that men are not in Celies heart which is why I agree with what Andrea Stuart says, Rather like the weather, men are part of womens (usually) hostile environment, a perennial force to be dealt with daily, but not the centre of their emotional existence. Another male figure that dominates over Celie is Albert. The main and the most obvious way we can see Albert dominates is that Celie does not call him by his name, she calls him Mr. This gives us evidence Albert controls the relationship. This again links back to slavery as slaves would not call their master or owner by their first name. When Albert went to see Celie he did not get down from his horse showing more power due to the fact he is higher and therefore in a higher position than she is, He still on his horse. He look me up and down. Another view of Celie as a slave is the fact that no loving relationship exists, it seems like Celie is there to cook, clean, look after the kids and Alberts needs, so therefore he just uses her, Mr clam on top of me, do his business. She says do his business. From this we see its for Albert and that Celie is being used like a piece of meat and gets no pleasure out of it, He abuses her physically and verbally, humiliates her publicly, and is responsible for her decades-long separation from her much loved sister Nettie. Celie doesnt say anything she lets Albert get on with it, Mary OConnor says, Celies voice would seem to be absent from this account of male voices around her. I also agree with Mary O Connor at this point in the novel, I think Celie had lost her voice from the time Alphonso had told her to write to God but not to tell anyone. However later in The Colour Purple we find that Celie with help from Shug regains her voice, takes a stand and calls Albert by his name and threatens him. She later leaves with Shug and her full confidence back. Albert acts totally different in the two relationships he is in, with Celie he dominates and controls the relationship however in the relationship Albert and Shug share he is the opposite. Shug controls what happens and Albert does anything she tells him to. This also shows us the difference in character of Celie and Shug, Celie is easily controlled but Shug is a strong character. One critics view is some women wear pants; and some of the men wear dresses. Mary OConnor is telling us that in some relationships women can rule and have the men listening to what they say and do as they tell them, this is defiantly true for Shug. We also see that when Albert is with Celie he wears the pants but when hes with Shug he would appear to be wearing the dress. Another relationship where the woman dominates is between Sofia and Harpo. Sofia has total control over their relationship, she holds the power and it seems Harpo hates this. On the other hand it may not be that he hates it but the pressure from society forces him to act in certain ways. Tony Brown says, Love has been drained out by the brutality of a society panic-stricken over black masculinity. This gives us the idea that culture is the main reason for the need to hold power. Harpo is an example of this violence in society, for example when his mother was killed by her boyfriend in front of him. He associates being dominant as a way of asserting himself. He wants the power in the relationship because he has seen the way his father holds the power in his relationship with Celie. We know Harpo wants the power as Sofia tells us once he git on top me I think bout how thats where he always want to be. Harpo confides in Celie and asks what he should do, Celie tells Harpo to beat Sofia to gain control. This advice is surprising but coming from Celie can be understood because she has suffered abuse all her life and she is used to it. Its all she knows and therefore she believes its normal. Power and the placement of it is also shown in the African part of the novel and it is through these tribes we are able to compare Celie with the traditional African way of life. The Olinkas, one of the main tribes that are introduced to us, hold the power of life and death over their wives. The men are also looked upon as better than women in the tribe. The structure of power in that who holds it and who doesnt in the tribe is also shown in Celies life through her being raped and that fact she is not able to enjoy sex with her partner Albert, I know what he doing to me he done to Shug Avery and maybe she like it. The fact that she cannot enjoy it may be cause by Celies feelings and emotions towards males as she has been abused by them all her life. This is supported by Stuarts view that men are never the source of emotional sustenance or long term happiness for women. However this is does not seem true for Shug as she looks happy with her male partners, this may be because she always seems to have control over her relationships. In conclusion I can say that in the beginning of The Colour Purple it is the men who hold all the power, however as new characters are introduced it is slightly more balanced as Shug and Sofia speak there mind and stand up to any man. Also later Celie and Squeak both stand up for themselves, they take control of the situation but also take away the power from the men and hold it themselves. At the beginning of the novel Celie writes to God, she then starts writing to her sister Nettie, this shows a change in her and in the end all her hopes pay off as she breaks away from her abusing husband and lives with her family; her sister Nettie and her kids with Shug.

Pheonix Essays - Decepticons, Autobots, Micromasters, Red Alert

Pheonix Essays - Decepticons, Autobots, Micromasters, Red Alert Pheonix Transformers : The Phoenix War story by M Sipher Part One Deception, Subterfuge, Treachery and Other Methods of Getting Your Way or (Since You Joined) The Corporation ********** We have red alert! We have red alert! Klaxons wailed throughout Mining Station 48. The planetoid was a valuable source of numerous metals used in Cybertronian armor plating... metals mined by what was politely referred to as Non-Wage-Earning Labor. Otherwise known as slaves. The stocky, humanoid mine workers came from the planet Juliwa, and were perfectly suited for backbreaking labor in the planetoid's thin atmosphere... valuable

Argument eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument eassy - Essay Example Some people believe that euthanasia is not wrong since it helps to ease the pain and suffering of the patient in case of terminal illnesses. In situations where patients are in critical conditions or life support machines with no signs of recovery, others prefer administering euthanasia (Peterson 23). Others believe that euthanasia saves money and resources. The amount of cash required for health care in many communities is high. In addition, the hospital beds and doctors in many hospitals are deficient. The supporters deem this as a massive misuse or waste of money and resources if they use funds to prolong the lives of already dying and suffering patients (Peterson 14). In my opinion, the only time that euthanasia should be administered is when there is consent of â€Å"voluntary euthanasia†. This is when the patient comes to a decision by themselves that they would wish to die rather than suffer in anguish and pain. This decision may come at the time, or possibly they may have written down a ‘living will’ giving permission to doctors to kill them if they ever are in a condition where they will never recover or regain consciousness. Marijuana has long been known as a remedy for many illnesses while physicians used it to arouse an appetite, reduce chronic agonizing pain, and treat migraines and even asthma. However, it has for so long been regarded as illegal (Burnham 1). In my opinion, I think legalizing medical marijuana is the right as long as it is strictly being used for medicinal purposes in order to save lives. Ever since childhood, everyone was being told not to do drug since they are dangerous to ones life. Doing drugs is obviously wrong. However, in severe medical condition where medical marijuana is needed for a cure or pain killer, it should be legalized since life is important. The main argument concerning marijuana comes from the legalization of the drug for medicinal and therapeutic purposes. This debate has two approaches.

Psychology Mental illness Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Psychology Mental illness - Assignment Example It has been the endeavour of all nations and societies to get rid of all kinds of abnormalities. Why they exist nobody knows. It has also been observed that some kind of abnormalities tend to be restricted to a particular region of the world. Abnormalities are normally associated with a kind of behaviour that is out of ordinary though not necessarily dysfunctional. Its causes are generally attributed to an out-of-ordinary working of certain areas of the brain. It still hasn’t been ascertained as to what leads to dysfunctional behaviour of certain areas of the brain. Sometimes it could be because of brain damage which usually happens when the person meets with an accident or something like that and at other times affliction of certain regions of the brain could be the result of some other medical condition that the person may be suffering from. There are some cultures that attribute a certain abnormality to the handiwork of the ‘devil’ within that person. Such supe rstitious beliefs have even led to the incarceration of many abnormal people! It’s important that society be considerate and encourage such individuals to consult a medical practitioner. There is no general consensus as to what abnormality actually constitutes. Perceptions vary depending upon the nation or culture under consideration. Abnormal people tend to display odd behaviour. There is cause for concern when this kind of odd behaviour is socially unacceptable; but at the same time, â€Å"new research in individuals with schizotypal personalities - people characterized by odd behavior and language but who are not psychotic or schizophrenic - offers the first neurological evidence these individuals are more creative than normal or fully schizophrenic people, and rely more heavily on the right sides of their brains than the general population to access their creativity.† This was stated on the basis of a study conducted by two Vanderbilt psychologists Brad Folley and Sohee Park. (â€Å"Odd behavior and creativity may go hand-in-hand†, Machine Design, pg 77) ). The latter kind of abnormality is usually considered by society as an inherent trait of individuals who are high-performing and highly creative. It’s the former kind that usually warrants treatment and medication. For example, a child who refuses to mix up with people, instead choosing to shut himself in his room would be considered abnormal. There is a high probability of him getting castigated by society which in turn can lead to depression and other complications as well. Yet another example of abnormal behaviour is one where a teenaged boy indulges in explicit talk about his sexual fantasies and tending to neglect his studies altogether. Surely these kind of individuals need to be counselled. In most cases abnormal behaviour can be the result of some kind of inner turmoil that an individual might be facing. One problem with the diagnosis of mental disorders is â€Å"the prevalence of diagnoses by gender, sex bias in diagnosis, the problematic impact of particular diagnoses on women, and the relationship of diagnosis to socialization and social conditions.† (Gender and Diagnosis: Struggles and Suggestions for Counselors, JCD, pg 12) Feminists have stated that â€Å"diagnoses like nymphomania, hysteria, neurasthenia, erotomania, kleptomania, and masochism have served to enforce conformity to norms of female domesticity, subordination, and subservience to men’

Research about Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research about Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The regime uses security forces and the military to crack down on protesters (Amnesty International on human Rights web). According to the International Crisis Group, Saudi Arabia is a troubled place coupled with militant activities. Execution of innocent civilians is the order of the day and the same usually go unreported. The Shiite group, which is the minority group, has been economically displaced in their own country (web). The U.S department of State has echoed the same sentiments about Saudi Arabia. Although many issues mentioned by U.S department of State talk about conflicts, the most discussed issues about Saudi Arabia are political and socio-economic issues (U.S department of State web). Internally Displaced Monitoring Center (web) presents valuable information regarding Saudi Arabia social issues relating to internal displacement. It is claimed that the number of internally displaced citizens is increasing and more aid has been directed towards efforts to sustain the internally displaced persons. With all these conflicts, social, and political issues going on, a viable solution needs to be put in place. Amnesty International. â€Å"Saudi Arabia†. 2012. Web, 5 March, 2012.

3 Paragraph Paper About the Novel Night Essay Example for Free

3 Paragraph Paper About the Novel Night Essay Ellie weisel was the survior and author of the book Night. Ellie was born September 30,1928 in Sighet, Romania. He led a life representative of many Jewish children. Growing up in a small village in Romania, his world revolved around family, religious study, community and God. Yet his family, community and his innocent faith were destroyed upon the deportation of his village to the concentration camp in Auschwitz in 1944.Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. (Elie Wiesel, Night, Ch. 3). Ellie Wiesel survived Auschwitz, Buna, Buchenwald and Gleiwitz. He was let free in 1945 and made his way to Paris and started wrighting his first novel Night. During world war 2 many people were anti-semitism. Anti-semitism means prejudice or hatred of, or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage. Jewish people were blamed for the black pleg. They were also blamed for how bad the economy was. Hitler one of the most famous people during this time was using the jews as a scape-goat to get more votes. A scape-goat is just a group/someone you may put the blame all on.During world war 2 Jewish people were used as scape-goats and at the time of all this if you were German you may have been anti-semitism. One of the most memorable events at this time were The deportation of the jews. The nazis had enough of the jews and were ready to do there final soulation every jewish person with either that star david on them or had the letter J on there id was getting deportated to the concentration camps. See more:Â  The 3 Types of Satire Essay The German authorities used rail systems across the continent to transport, or deport, Jews from their homes, primarily to eastern Europe. German railroad officials used both freight and passenger cars for the deportations. German authorities generally did not give the jews getting deported food or water for the journey, even when they had to wait for days on railroad spurs for other trains to pass. Packed in sealed, suffering from overcrowding, they endured intense heat during the summer and freezing temperatures during the winter. Aside from a bucket, there was no sanitary facility. The stench of urine added to the humiliation and suffering of the deportees. Lacking food and water, many of the deportees died before the trains reached their destinations. Armed police guards accompanied the transports; they had orders to shoot anyone who tried to escape.

Exit Voice Loyalty Neglect Model

Exit Voice Loyalty Neglect Model The Exit-Voice-Loyalty-Neglect (EVLN) analyses the consequences of job dissatisfaction, and postulates that employees will respond to job dissatisfaction in one of four ways: by exiting, by speaking out about it, through loyalty, or through job neglect (Withey Cooper 1989, 521). The model is premised upon the principle that job dissatisfaction affects individual behaviour, and has effects on the employee both intrinsically and extrinsically (Leck Saunders 2005, 219). It suggests that the consequences of job dissatisfaction can be predicted, and can be harmful to both the individual and the organisation (Naus 2007, 684). This essay will analyse the EVLN model and will reflect on its application in light of a personal work experience. It will then provide practical recommendations as to how managers can avoid the negative consequences of job dissatisfaction and in particular, the negative behaviours contemplated by the EVLN model. The EVLN model, first devised by Hirschman in 1970 and expanded upon by Rusbult, Zembrodt and Gunn in 1982 and Farrell in 1983, suggests that depending on the person and the situation, employees will respond to job dissatisfaction in any one (or a combination) of four ways, which as the name suggests, includes exit, voice, loyalty or neglect (Withey Gellarly 1998, 111). In this model, exit refers to resigning from the organisation, transferring to another work unit or office, or at the very least, attempting to make the exit (McShane 2006, 117). Voice refers to an attempt to change, rather than escape from, the situation. Voice may be constructive, particularly where employees voice their dissatisfaction and recommend ways their satisfaction levels can be improved (Luchak 2003, 116). Conversely, it can be destructive where employees begin venting to fellow employees, thereby spreading negative energy within the workplace (Turnley Feldman 1999, 897). Loyalty refers to employees who respond to job dissatisfaction by complacency, most typically by patiently waiting for the problem to resolve itself. These types of employees tend to suffer silently in anticipation of their work situation improving (McShane 2006, 118). Neglect, which broadly refers to neglecting ones work responsibilities, is perhaps the most destructive of responses to job dissatisfaction, as it involves decreasing productivity, decreased attention to quality, and increasing absenteeism and lateness (Hagedoorn 1999, 310). The responses can be independent or sequential, meaning that an employee may transition through a series of responses (Farrell Rusbult 1992, 203). For example, a dissatisfied employee may go through a period of neglect, before deciding to quit their job (Humphrey 2000, 714). Once they announce their resignation, they may speak out to their fellow employees and leave with a noisy exit (Withey Cooper 1989, 522). Loyalty and voice can be constructive where they are used to try to maintain satisfactory relationships, though they can be destructive in certain circumstances (Si, Wei Li 2008, 935). Neglect and exit are generally destructive as they occur once employees have decided that the relationship with the organisation is not worth maintaining (Si, Wei Li 2008, 936). Which response a given employee will take will generally depend upon the individual and their circumstances (McShane 2006, 117). A generally determinative factor is the availability of alternative employment. For example, where an employee has a great deal of financial freedom, they may choose to leave an aversive situation (Lee Mitchell 1994, 62). This is far less likely when they are facing financial pressures and have low employment prospects (Hagedoorn 1999, 312). Instead, they may temporarily use the neglect option until a job opportunity comes by (McShane 2006, 119). Employees who have worked at an organisation for a lengthy period of time, and who can identify with that organisation, will generally use the voice option and speak out about their dissatisfaction (McShane 2006, 118; Withey Coopers 1989, 522). This is also the case where employees cannot easily resign or transfer, or decrease their productivity without the fear of retribution (Rusbult et al. 1988, 619). Finally, where an employee feels as though they have overinvested in an organisation, they may engage in lazy or neglectful behaviours and decrease their organisational citizenship behaviour (Farrell 1983, 601). Personal Reflection In a previous workplace, I experienced serious job dissatisfaction which was followed by a series of behavioural changes. The organisation I was working for had lost a number of major clients, and had faced serious staff turnover issues, and as a result was experiencing significant financial distress. My manager had become extremely stressed and was struggling to remain calm. He would take his stress out on me on a constant basis, and his behaviour became increasingly destructive. He had a very short temper and would often shout and yell abusive words. His performance expectations of me increased unrealistically, and he began to criticise the smallest of deviations from the norm. He would confront me (and others) publically, in a way that was both demeaning and humiliating. This was followed by a pay cut of over twenty-five percent, which I felt was inequitable and unjustified. I became extremely dissatisfied and de-motivated, and whilst I would usually opt to speak out about my conc erns, I had no option to do so as my manager was self-righteous and was not interested in receiving constructive criticism or complaints. Somewhat subconsciously, I became extremely unmotivated and the energy that I put into performing my work had significantly decreased. I expressed neglectful behaviour, as my output levels had decreased, as had the general quality of my work (Farrell Rusbult 1992, 207). Furthermore, I began to speak about my problems to fellow employees, but would not confront my manager about the issues. Consistent with studies on counterproductive voice behaviour, this was a form of me using my voice in a highly destructive way (Withey Coopers 1989, 530). In line with studies on negative loyalty behaviours and the exiting response, I did not leave my job immediately as I could not find another job immediately (and I wanted have a given number of months experience on my resume), however I resigned as soon as another job became available (Rusbult et al 1998, 600 ). In hindsight, my dissatisfied work experience had a negative effect on me individually, my co-workers and on the organisation as a whole. Recommendations It is clear that employee responses to job dissatisfaction have direct implications on organisational productivity and effectiveness (Leck Saunders 2005, 219). Constructive responses such as trying to improve working conditions, improving job satisfaction and improving management approaches value-add to an organisation as they aid in decreasing job dissatisfaction on the organisational level (McShane 2006, 120; Naus 2007, 689). In contrast, destructive approaches such as resigning, absenteeism, decreased productivity, decreased quality control or psychological withdrawal can adversely affect the individual, their fellow workers, the quality of output material, and the organisation as a whole (Naus 2007, 690; Farrell Rusbult 1992, 215). Understanding employee behaviour is an all-important task for managers as it can allow them to curb those behaviours that are disruptive to the individual and the organisation, and promote constructive behaviours (Leck Saunders 2005, 221). To decrease the negative effects of job dissatisfaction, managers should be mindful of behaviours contemplated by the EVLN model and should identify them as indicators of job dissatisfaction (Humphrey 2000, 720). As the EVLN model is a typology of consequential behaviour, managers should remedy the behaviour by looking to the actual cause (McShane 2006, 121). Thus, managers should use the behaviour as an indicator of job dissatisfaction, and should immediately act upon it once identified (Si, Wei Li 2008, 940). There are a number of ways in which managers can attempt to re-instil job satisfaction in a dissatisfied employee. Research suggests that employees will be less likely to engage in destructive behaviours such as neglect, exit or negative voice when there is a possibility of improvement, a feeling of autonomy or control over the situation, foreseeable happiness, and a sense of belonging to the workplace (Withey Cooper 1989, 523; Rusbult et al. 1988, 625). Managers should focu s on these characteristics so that they promote constructive behaviour and decrease the stressors causing employees to engage in destructive behaviours. Secondly, and vitally importantly, managers should ensure that there is open communication between employees and management, so that more constructive behaviours such as using ones voice are actually an option (Naus 2007, 700). Had my former manager been more approachable and open to my feedback, I could have resolved my problems by expressing my concerns and having them dealt with. Instead, I was afraid to confront my manager, and resorted to being underproductive and speaking out to my fellow employees, therefore spreading negative energy in the workplace. This may have led to job dissatisfaction and similar consequences for other employees (McShane 2006, 123). Based on my own research and experience, I would recommend that managers be more approachable so that dissatisfied employees can opt for constructive behaviours before resorting to destructive behaviours. Conclusion The EVLN model is an important framework used to describe employee responses to job dissatisfaction. It contemplates that employees will respond to job dissatisfaction in varying ways according to their personality and their situations, and in general will respond through fight, flight, complacency or de-motivation. The framework is useful as it allows managers to identify behaviours that indicate employee job dissatisfaction, which in turn allows them address underlying stressors and concerns. In light of research and personal work experiences, it is recommended that managers be mindful of these behaviours so that they are markers of job dissatisfaction, and keep lines of communication open so that job dissatisfaction issues can be addressed constructively. References Farrell, D. 1983. Exit, voice, loyalty and neglect as responses to job dissatisfaction: a multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal 26 (4): 596-607. http://www.jstor.org.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/stable/255909 (accessed December 2, 2009). Farrell, D. and C.E. Rusbult. 1992. Exploring the Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Neglect Typology: The Influence of Job Satisfaction, Quality of Alternatives and Investment Size. 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